Yesterday's Enterprise - S3-E15
Other mistake: The Klingons ordering the Enterprise to prepare for boarding parties doesn't make sense. La Forge had announced only moments earlier that the Enterprise was on the verge of a warp core breach. The Klingons' ship's sensors should have been able to detect the Enterprise's impending destruction.
Answer: Yes. The doors to the holodecks can be locked when in use by anyone aboard the Enterprise so they couldn't be disturbed. However, high ranking officers like Captain Picard could override the doors as it's seen that overrides are in use even for the crews quarters. Even Barclay, when he's indulging in one of his fantasies could have the doors to the holodeck unlocked by an override code.