The Day of the Doctor - S7-E16
Plot hole: Among the various contents of the Black Archive are visible several objects that shouldn't be there, because it is impossible for U.N.I.T. to have acquired them. In particular: A detonation pack from "Planet of the Ood", set in the 42nd century, a few thousand years in the future. The Supreme Dalek's shell from "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" - it was shot and killed by Jack Harkness, destroying the shell. The restraint chair from "The End of Time", last seen on the Vinvocci's ship. The makeshift sonic screwdriver built by the alternate Amy from "The Girl Who Waited", since that version of Amy was wiped from existence. A different explosive carried by Gregor Van Baalen in "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS", which is both set in the future and involves a complicated situation in which the events ended up technically not happening.
Chosen answer: 1) When Stephen Moffat took over he ignored a lot of what had been developed before (there is not in-universe answer). 2) It would have killed Rose, so the Doctor absorbed the energy. His body regenerated before the energy could do a significant amount of damage that would prevent regeneration.