The Day of the Doctor - S7-E16
Other mistake: Billie Piper is listed as playing "Rose" in the closing credits. Rose was certainly mentioned, yes, but Piper in this episode was actually sentient superweapon the Moment, who merely took Rose's form, and was in all other respects nothing like the former companion.
Chosen answer: 1) When Stephen Moffat took over he ignored a lot of what had been developed before (there is not in-universe answer). 2) It would have killed Rose, so the Doctor absorbed the energy. His body regenerated before the energy could do a significant amount of damage that would prevent regeneration.