Where No One Has Gone Before - S1-E6
Character mistake: Mr. Kosinski is trying to explain what happened to allow them to travel so far. He says, "I applied the energy asymptomatically", when he meant "asymptotically." (The subtitles for this scene are correct). (00:13:50)
Answer: Yes. The doors to the holodecks can be locked when in use by anyone aboard the Enterprise so they couldn't be disturbed. However, high ranking officers like Captain Picard could override the doors as it's seen that overrides are in use even for the crews quarters. Even Barclay, when he's indulging in one of his fantasies could have the doors to the holodeck unlocked by an override code.