Other mistake: O'Donnell imitates another character retching. The subtitles show this as (WRETCHES). (00:03:00)
Other mistake: Prentis says "In my ship, I have directions to my planet and a selection of items that you can oppress me with." The subtitles say "[...] appraise me with." (00:06:25)
Other mistake: The Doctor says: "He's taking the suspended-animation chamber to the church." The subtitles say "[...] to the judge." (00:15:30)
Other mistake: Clara says "The dark, the sword, the forsaken, the temple." The subtitles say "The Doc [...]." (00:22:10)
Other mistake: The Fisher King says "The Time Lord... Lied." The subtitles say "The Time Lord... Night." (00:35:00)
Other mistake: The line spoken is "You mash up Vikings to make warrior juice." The subtitles say "You must have [...]." (00:12:30)
Other mistake: The Doctor says "These are a sort of mark 2, yeah?" The subtitles say "These are a sort of Mach 2, yeah?" (00:17:40)
Chosen answer: 1) When Stephen Moffat took over he ignored a lot of what had been developed before (there is not in-universe answer). 2) It would have killed Rose, so the Doctor absorbed the energy. His body regenerated before the energy could do a significant amount of damage that would prevent regeneration.