The Pyramid at the End of the World - S10-E8
Factual error: The American officer is called a Colonel but he wears the four star rank patch of a General, and that rank patch is even upside down in some scenes. The stars should have one point upwards.
Chosen answer: 1) When Stephen Moffat took over he ignored a lot of what had been developed before (there is not in-universe answer). 2) It would have killed Rose, so the Doctor absorbed the energy. His body regenerated before the energy could do a significant amount of damage that would prevent regeneration.