Who Shot Mr. Burns? (2) - S7-E1
Factual error: When Chief Wiggum opens the revolver's chamber, there's 5 rounds with one open slot. In the next shot, we see the reverse end of the chamber and it's drawn in such a way to indicate those 5 rounds all have bullets in them still, meaning the empty slot is from when Maggie shot Mr. Burns. But revolvers don't eject spent shells automatically and no one handled the gun after it dropped on the floor. So the empty casing should have still been in there when Wiggum opens it up for the first time.
Who Shot Mr. Burns? (2) - S7-E1
Factual error: Chief Wiggum visually compares a bullet taken from Homer's gun to the bullet removed from Burns and concludes that they are exactly the same. Excluding the obvious forensic violation, the bullet removed from Burns is still whole and within its casing, meaning that either Maggie took the time to remove the casing and delicately shove it in Mr Burns' bullet wound (which is dumb) or the gun fired the whole casing along with the bullet (which would have blown up the gun).
Answer: I'm not sure if this is the one you're thinking of, but an episode of "Ray Bradbury Theatre," called "A Sound of Thunder," dealt with a similar matter: a group of hunters travel back in time to hunt dinosaurs, only to find things have changed when they get back because someone stepped on a butterfly.
Xofer