Deliberate mistake: In the very first episode, the kids are fighting and arguing all throughout the house. Claire then asks Cliff, "Why did we have 4 kids?", referring to Denise, Theo, Rudy, and Vanessa. In all of the following episodes, they actually have 5 kids. I guess they decided to add Sandra (the oldest Huxtable) later down the road.
Deliberate mistake: Due to the production order, Arthur can be seen at the quarry, but his introduction is 6 episodes later, in "The Spotless Record."